Is the opera audience becoming more conservative?
mainMichael Volpe, general manager of London’s Holland Park Opera, has earned a reputation for exploring lesser-known masterpieces of Italian repertoire. But he’s finding it hard to get audiences to share his journey into the unknown. Here are a few tricks he has developed.
Beyond the obvious
Opera Holland Park are, generally speaking, the “go-to” venue for late Italian rarities; the list is very long and our most recent outing into this repertoire was last season’s I gioielli della Madonna which certainly caused an enormous stir. There was a time not too long ago that such productions would be first to sell out when the season was announced but nowadays it is not so easy; gioielli ended up selling 92% of capacity which is a remarkable figure, but in 2007, when we produced L’amore dei Tre Re, the production was entirely full within a short time and we came very close to adding an additional performance.
One can only deduce that audiences are retreating back into their shells, with cost and the resultant “cherry picking” of the operas they know high on a list of reasons. The economics of opera and ticket pricing is complex and I am not keen to fully rehearse arguments here, but I do believe that the general British opera audience is terribly conservative in their tastes. People simply edit out anything with a title they do not recognise. To be fair, it doesn’t take a lot to encourage them to give something a try but you usually need to be looking them in the eye as you do it. I should point out that I am not really discussing new or contemporary opera here and I would also encourage you to keep a wary eye on what cinema screenings and the digital obsession are contributing to developing audiences in the theatre (apposite today).
One should be wary of generalising when discussing audiences; the opera crowd is divided into many sub-categories and among them are a sizeable group who do seek out new opera experiences but the very adventurous are often the most cost conscious, too. Opera houses and festivals require a large core group who fill the seats and frequently, this group will make their opera visit a once or twice a year treat. As such, they choose the well known as opposed to the rare or unusual. The economic situation of the past few years has affected this audience quite badly and they are now more conservative in their choices, meaning that even popular works can suffer. Last year, we were able to do some research that showed a group, best defined as professional, middle management etc., were considering a choice between Madama Butterfly and L’elisir d’amore where in the past they would likely have seen both. Butterfly won out and consequently the Donizetti was relatively less full than we might normally expect. The ROH had similar difficulties with the same opera in the year before and even critically acclaimed productions are finding audiences hard to come by.
In this environment then, rarities become a more difficult proposition for houses like OHP who depend a great deal on ticket income and have become used to average capacities of 98%. The danger is that the “pops” are not now guaranteed to underwrite the rarities in a season – so we should aim to grow the audiences across the rep. Having produced rarities for over 18 years now, we have a strong turnout for them when we put them on and, furthermore, we can also point to some of our very best work being in this repertoire so people haven’t been “let down”. But it is true to say that we are seeing a less frenetic demand for rarities than we have been accustomed to. Adriana Lecouvreur, unknown in the UK when we last produced it in 2002 is our ‘rarity’ for 2014 and in the intervening years, Covent Garden has enjoyed success with it. But you can still get tickets for the new production we have arriving in a few weeks; this for an opera of sumptuous, simple appeal.
So where does this leave us? Why do opera audiences treat things they don’t know with suspicion? In the theatre world, where new plays are the great desire, “unfamiliarity” is clearly not an issue.
I think there is a cultural problem with the way audiences approach their operatic experiences; to put it bluntly, they don’t often listen very carefully to them or at least take the music as it emerges, rather than waiting and hoping for a tune they might know or an obvious set piece. A melody that flits into the score for a few bars and then dances out again is no melody at all, as if it didn’t happen. We are not discussing “difficult” music here but idiomatic operas with which those who love the classical Italian repertoire will feel at home. When listening to a piece from our favoured repertoire in order to put it up for production, I am envisioning its accessibility, its beauty, the drama it presents, or the emotional impact it might have. You can rest assured that I, of all people, am not usually seeking intellectual or academic satisfaction for an audience but a real kick in the chest appeal.
Of course this might all just be about economics and the fact that people are finding life tough; just as they begin to spread their wings they may simply have just pulled them in again, afraid to “waste” valuable leisure budgets on something they don’t know. Many of the audiences who are more solvent or only occasional visitors to the theatre do tend to fall into the Traviata and Boheme category and rarely step outside of that repertoire. It is no coincidence that we have recently announced an additional performance of Norma, either.
As an industry we have to address the extending of the repertoire and the education of our audiences. It is partly about ticket prices and partly about habit but if we don’t try to tackle it, the temptation to fill the houses with “wall to wall Tosca” will become powerfully persuasive. In the past, we used to promote discounted CDs of our rarities (where they exist) and in the case of Mascagni’s Iris, shifted so many that, had they been sold through the shops, it would have been a number one classical album. The reality is that educating audiences is likely to cost money in the form of discounted tickets, recordings and other methodologies.
At OHP we use a pay-what-you-think-it-is-worth programme called “Opera Challenge” whereby a number of tickets are made available free for each performance on a first come, first served basis and audiences are encouraged to make a donation to our Inspire charity once they have visited. And I have long argued that for a novice, something like Adriana is just as good an introduction as Boheme, so perhaps we shouldn’t only use the standard rep to “sell” opera to people who don’t have foreknowledge?
(c) Michael Volpe/www/slippedisc.com
Very valid points, very well expressed – and which will be instantly recognised by any concert promoter, too, who has ever tried to build a public for (say) Bax, Korngold, Dohnanyi, Glazunov, Franz Schmidt, Martinu, or any of the neglected 20th century romantics; music with “real kick in the chest appeal”. An unfamiliar name, however listenable the music, will damage you at the box office. Sad but true.
But that is a relatively new phenomenon: before WW II, new works, be them operatic or orchestral or chamber music, were anticipated with audience curiosity. At the time, audiences could expect that new items could be disappointing, puzzling, interesting or stunning, but at least to be organically related to a couple of cultural and aesthetic fundamentals upon which the performance culture rests, that is: in Western, European nations, with their continuous history. Premieres of works by Debussy, Ravel, Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Bartok etc. etc. were considered as cultural events of prime importance, provoking debate. All that has changed since the fragile relationship between the three parties: the audience, the dead composers and the living contemporary composers, broke down after WW II and the central performance culture turned into a museum. On one hand this process could be pointed down to the developing pop and media ‘culture’, a kind of ‘democratization’ of taste, and on the other to modernism which created, in relation to an unknown name, associations with audio catastrophe – a fear also spreading to ‘unknown’ music from history, by sheer paranoid reluctance towards ‘the unfamiliar’. Audience’s reluctance to take a ‘risk’ for an unknown name is really not entirely a matter of ‘conservatism’.
A third reason of audience reluctance is the erosion of status conferred to high culture within an increasingly egalitarian society, where many people think that there is no difference, in terms of artistic value, between Bach and Madonna. Going to the opera has, for many people, become something like going to the cinema, only more expensive. The capacity to absorb a more complex artistic experience requires a level of interest, cultural awareness, and concentration, which has become less and less ‘popular’ in a society saturated with easy gratification.
Good points. Conservatism is a catch all phrase to more or less describe a process of choice that lacks risk. Some of the reasons you give from an historic perspective are valid.
All good points. But, what opera really needs are new operas that are embraced by audiences. And to do that, someone will need to write an opera or operas with melody.
Part of the problem is that audiences tend to separate the “warhorses” from others by use of melody or not. More audiences want melody than don’t, and whether it’s true or not, there is an impression than most newer operas as well as many rarities just don’t have melody.
I have long thought that the biggest issue facing new operas is that they are trying to find new audiences among people who want something different than what they’re being given. Why do we need to teach all audiences to want something different? Why can’t we “teach” but also provide new operas in forms that they want?
The problem with ‘new operas’ is the problem of musical idiom. You cannot have opera without melodic lines because opera is about singing. The ‘melodies’ in ‘minimal music’ operas like those of Adams or Glass are straight lines jumping from one pitch to another, but don’t ‘breath’. But writing ‘melodic lines’ suffers from the grave tabu that such thing would be conservative. And that accusation is similar to anathema in the Middle Ages. So, younger composers who dare to write for the opera house restort to melodic lines somewhat borrowed from pop music, which is also not the real thing, but a guise, a mask. If nowadays a composer would dare to write melodic lines well-suited to opera singing, he or she would inevitably take the old opera repertoire as examples. Imagine what opera directors or conductors would say…. they would fear to fall victim to ridicule and scorn by the critics, so that’s whay we don’t hear new operas with real melody, and why even composers who have the melodic gift – like the English composer David Matthews – don’t write operas. They would never be performed.
A remarkably courageous new opera was ‘The Brothers Karamazov’ by the Russian composer Alexander Smelkov, who mixed Russian idioms from the 2nd half of the 19th century with snippets that sound like Shostakovich and Prokofiev. The result was rather eclectic and somewhat lacking of personal character, but lo and behold, it was still beautiful and inventive music, excellently suited to singing. The opera was performed concertante in Holland (Rotterdam), a performance I attended, and it was brilliantly presented with Gergiev’s equipe from the Mariinsky. The audience got wild with enthusiasm, and the critics could not find enough scorn and poison to burn down the work, and also in the UK the piece was received with contempt by the press, which has been ‘educated’ by decennia of modernist propaganda to welcome the new and the progressive, and enjoy the ugly, nihilistic and destructive. That music that sounded progressive in the fifties and sixties is no longer ‘new’ after half a century, is too difficult to understand for critics. Smelkov is a real modern of the 21st century…. a kind of inverted avantgardist who doesn’t care a damn about being ‘progressive’ and thus, freely delves into the rich tradition of his culture.
The fact is most opera goers see any given opera very few times in their lives. When I ask somebody how often they have seen, say, Carmen very few have seen it even three times. So what critics term ‘warhorses’ are actually a novel experience for most people. Then there is the dreaded Regie Theatre school of production which may be of interest to those with jaded palates but thoroughly alienate the rest of us – why risk the high cost of a ticket on an evening made miserable by some eccentric distortion of a great work? Nicholas Oppenheim.
Totally right. Regietheater is, most of the time, offensive to audiences’ intelligence.
Christy, I agree, people don’t think anything else has melody; and as I point out, discerning those melodies from within a score is becoming a less prevalent ability unless it is brazenly signposted by the composer!
Nicholas; avant garde or unusual updating is a slightly different issue to my mind. That can alienate for even the most popular works.